Marine Life Definition, Examples and Careers

To understand marine life, you should first know the definition of marine life. Below is information on marine life, types of marine life and information on careers working with marine life. Definition of Marine Life The phrase marine life refers to organisms that live in salt water. These can include a diverse array of plants, animals and microbes (tiny organisms) such as bacteria and archaea. Marine Life Are Adapted to Life in Saltwater From the perspective of a land animal like us, the ocean can be a harsh environment. However, marine life are adapted to live in the ocean.  Characteristics that help marine life thrive in a saltwater environment include the ability to regulate their salt intake or deal with large quantities of salt water, adaptations to obtain oxygen (e.g., a fishs gills), being able to withstand high water pressures, living in a place where they can get enough light, or being able to adjust to a lack of light. Animals and plants that live on the edge of the ocean, such as tide pool animals and plants, also need to deal with extremes in water temperature, sunlight, wind and waves. Types of Marine Life There is a huge diversity in marine species. Marine life can range from tiny, single-celled organisms to gigantic blue whales, which are the largest creatures on Earth. Below is a list of the major phyla, or taxonomic groups, of marine life. Major Marine Phyla The classification of marine organisms is always in flux. As scientists discover new species, learn more about the genetic makeup of organisms, and study museum specimens, they debate how organisms should be grouped. More information about the major groups of marine animals and plants is listed below. Marine Animal Phyla Some of the most well-known marine phyla are listed below. You can find a more complete list here. The marine phyla listed below are drawn from the list on the World Register of Marine Species. Annelida - this phylum contains segmented worms. An example of a segmented marine worm is the Christmas tree worm.Arthropoda - Arthropods have a segmented body, jointed legs and a hard exoskeleton for protection. This group includes lobsters and crabs.Chordata - Humans are in this phylum, which also includes marine mammals (cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, sea otters, polar bears), fish, tunicates, seabirds and reptiles.Cnidaria - This is a diverse phylum of animals, many of whom have stinging structures called nematocysts. Animals in this phylum include corals, jellyfish, sea anemones, sea pens and hydras.Ctenophora - These are jelly-like animals, such as comb jellies, but they dont have stinging cells.Echinodermata - This is one of my favorite phylums. It includes such beautiful animals as sea stars, brittle stars, basket stars, sand dollars and sea urchins.  Mollusca - This phylum includes snails, sea slugs, octopuses, squids, and bivalves such as clams, mussels and oysters.Pori fera -  This phylum includes sponges, which are living animals. They can be very colorful and come in a diverse array of shapes and sizes. Marine Plant Phyla There are also several phyla of marine plants. These include the Chlorophyta, or green algae, and the Rhodophyta, or red algae.   Marine Life Terms From adaptation to zoology, you can find an often-updated list of marine life terms in the glossary here. Careers Involving Marine Life The study of marine life is called marine biology, and a person that studies marine life is called a marine biologist. Marine biologists may have many different jobs, including working with marine mammals (e.g., a dolphin researcher), studying the seafloor, researching algae or even working with marine microbes in a lab. Here are some links that may help if youre pursuing a career in marine biology: Information on Becoming a Marine BiologistHow Much Does a Marine Biologist Earn?How to Get a Marine Biology Internship References and Further Information Marine Education Society of Australasia. Marine Phyla. Accessed August 31, 2014.WoRMS. 2014. Animalia. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on August 31, 2014.WoRMS 2014. Plantae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on August 31, 2014.

Rhetorical Analysis Of Bilingual Education By Richard...

Immigration Rhetorical Analysis Essay Around 1959, bilingual education took flight in the United States. Starting in Miami and quickly making its way San Francisco, bilingual education soon led to the Bilingual Education Act which promoted â€Å"No Child Left Behind†. Only twenty years later, the act acquired the attention of high schools around the country. Nonetheless, bilingual education is not always taken to be the cure-all for acclimating immigrants to the United States. In his article â€Å"Aria: A Memoir of Bilingual Childhood†, Richard Rodriguez argues that students should not take part in bilingual education by explaining how it takes away individuality and a sense of family through use of ethos, diction, and imagery; Rodriguez also uses†¦show more content†¦Rodriguez also applies diction and imagery in his article to indicate how a bilingual education reduces the sense of family in the student’s home. During his time at the â€Å"neighbourhood Roman Catholic School†, the nu ns came to his house and asked his parents to use English as their main language when talking around the house. In doing so they took away the one thing he care for the most: the sense of a tightly bound family. After some time speaking primarily English around the house, Rodriguez noticed â€Å"[his] mother grew restless†, along with being more â€Å"troubled and anxious at the scarceness of the words exchanged in the house†. The Rodriguez family viewed the Spanish language â€Å"as a private language† that made them feel â€Å"recognized as one of the family†. When they made the transition to English they no longer felt as though they were bound together, instead it seemed like they had drifted apart. Rodriguez’s application of diction through words like â€Å"restless†, â€Å"troubled†, and â€Å"anxious† display the negative effects of a bilingual education. His family used to â€Å"feel embraced by the sounds† of sp eaking to each other in Spanish, but now when speaking in English they feel separated. In turn, Richard’s word choice develops an image in the reader’s mind: One of a disconnected family. This makes it so when the reader looks back upon theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Ethos And Pathos In Aria By Richard Rodriguez1670 Words   |  7 PagesPathos in â€Å"Aria† Bilingualism is the ability to communicate in two different languages. Bilingual education is the use of two different languages in classroom instruction. According to the Encyclopedia of Children’s Health, and many other researchers, â€Å"languages are learned the easiest during a child’s youngest years. Therefore, when a child is growing up in a bilingual home or is receiving bilingual education, can easily speak both languages. Children who grow up in a household where two languages

The Ethics Of The Nsa - 863 Words

Whistleblowing is when an employee or member of an organization discloses illegal, immoral or illegitimate practices of the organization to someone who is capable of taking action and impacting the situation (Near Miceli 1985). In June 2013, Edward Snowden blew the whistle on NSA’s extensive internet and phone surveillance activities that he felt were illegitimate. Snowden worked for the NSA through subcontractor Booz Allen Hamilton as a senior analyst, and during his time with the organization, he collected top-secret documents regarding NSA’s surveillance practices with the intention of disclosing them to the public. He then went to Hong Kong and disclosed those documents to the Guardian journalists. Soon after, newspapers began printing those documents detailing the widespread surveillance activities of the NSA through programs such as PRISM. It can be said that the people affected by this case include Snowden himself, the US/British government, NSA/ GCHQ, and all p eople in the world especially American citizens. One of the first leaked information by Snowden reported in the Guardian was that NSA was collecting the telephone records of millions of Americans through the telecommunications company Verizon who was given a secret court order to hand over all its data to the NSA on a daily basis (Greenwald 2013). According to the report (Greenwald 2013), the information handed over includes metadata such as the numbers of the phones, location, time and duration of calls,Show MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The Nsa1574 Words   |  7 PagesOutline: Intro Hook: Thesis:Although comforting shell shocked citizens, current programs are becoming unnecessarily invasive, costly, and controversially uneffective. Body 1 Costly Break down numbers where tips usually come from Body 2 Invasive The NSA has so broad terms that pick up potential threats that writers are scared to research certain topics. Terms are ridiculous Results don’t add up Body 3 Uneffective Reiterate numbers Talk about lies by the director Body 4 Con: Numbers suggest effectivenessRead MoreEthics of Edward Snowden Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesMany people have always wondered what the word ethics mean. To me ethics is the feeling of right and wrong. Many people have their own way of defining ethics and but this is what ethics mean to me. Ethics to other people might mean following the laws and some may say ethics is determined by what society is believed is right and wrong. For example Edward Snowden, a 30 year old man was born in North Carolina in 1983 (Edward snowden.biography, 2013, para. 1). Edward Snowden was a security guardRead MoreComputer Ethics Term Paper : Security Vs. Privacy1518 Words   |  7 PagesJames Santana Computer Ethics Term Paper Security vs. Privacy Following the terrorist attacks on September of 2001, President George W. Bush signed into law The USA PATRIOT Act. Intended to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, The Patriot Act made changes to surveillance laws that enabled the U.S government to collect computer information about both American and foreign citizens in unprecedented ways. During the following years, through a series of legislative changes and court decisionsRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Involving Edward Snowden ´s Case1589 Words   |  6 Pagesagent. Similarly, this personal implication translates to the respect granted and deprived to society as a whole. An ethical issue can involve several constituents for example in Snowden’s case it involves Snowden himself, the National Security Agency (NSA), and the Nations citizens among many other constituents. Lastly, as an issue is the implications Snowden’s actions have towards the credibility of the United States as true democracy. Democracy being â€Å"an organization or situation in which everyoneRead MoreSecurity Vs. Privacy : Should Edward Snowden Be Pardoned For Leaking1277 Words   |  6 PagesSecurity vs. Privacy Should Edward Snowden be pardoned for leaking thousands of classified NSA documents? An analysis of the merits of the Snowden leaks and the broader issue of security vs. privacy and mass surveillance from the perspective of at least two ethical theories. Following the terrorist attacks on 911, President George W. Bush signed into law The USA PATRIOT Act. Intended to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, The Patriot Act the made changes to surveillance laws thatRead MoreEdward Snowden Kantian Ethics1885 Words   |  5 PagesKantian Ethics Edward Snowden the Ethical Issue In early 2013 a man by the name of Edward Joseph Snowden began leaking classified National Security Agency (NSA) documents to media outlets, which in turn ended up in public ears. These documents, mainly involving intelligence Snowden acquired while working as an NSA contractor, are mostly related to global surveillance programs run by the NSA. This has raised multiple ethical issues ranging from national security, information privacy and the ethics behindRead MoreThe Invasion Of Privacy And Concern For Safety1624 Words   |  7 Pagesinteraction with technology and security influence how people think about their own personal privacy and safety as well as our national security. Some central questions that are critical to how to analyze this growing problem are the following: What does the NSA really collect and how does that differ from what people believe that they collect? What is the significance of the FBI asking Apple to create a backdoor into their phones? How does the decisio n that Apple made alter how people view their privacy? WhatRead MoreEthics of Wiretapping1104 Words   |  5 PagesPatrick Hughes Philosophy 203 – Introduction to Ethics August 7, 2015 ETHICS OF WIRETAPPING Since the First World War, government has been known to use private companies to wiretap phone lines for information. The legal structures, established by the 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), have defined a framework for legally securing a warrant for searches and tapping into phone lines of the American populace. Sometimes the government uses warrantlessRead MoreInformation Systems : Computer Ethics1525 Words   |  7 PagesBIS- 601 INFORMATION SYSTEMS COMPUTER ETHICS Submitted by Lakshmi Gajjarapu Student id: 665584 Global Id: gajja1l Email:gajja1l@cmich.edu INTRODUCTION: As the use of Computers have increased now-a-days with improvements in the technology which brings both advantages and disadvantages. Advantages comes with technological developments and disadvantages are like frauds happening using technology. These frauds using technology are called â€Å"Cyber-attacks† where intruders or hackersRead MoreCovert Monitoring Of Private Communications1424 Words   |  6 Pagesmeasure against future terrorist attacks. Among those new powers, included in Article 215, is the right to obtain business records, while imposing a gag order on the party holding those records. This law remains the foundation upon which the current NSA phone metadata collection campaign is operated. In October 2001, President Bush ordered the National Security Agency to commence covert monitoring of private communications through the nation s telephone companies without the requisite FISA warrants

It Is Hard To Believe That The Colonizers Of Half Of The

It is hard to believe that the colonizers of half of the world, the English, had the worst vision for women, especially prostitutes. Their biggest backlash was being unable to give justice and proper treatment to everybody. Having a strong belief to change the society and their vision for prostitutes, Josephine Butler became a social worker and started a campaign against the cruelty of law enforcement officers. Josephine Butler was the author of this amazing book â€Å"Truth Before Everything† which portrays the struggle initiated with repealing laws and acts that allowed law enforcement officers to break the moral barrier. The book â€Å"Truth Before Everything† represents the author s dissatisfaction, attitude, uneasiness, and an intention to†¦show more content†¦Butler continued her entire life as a social reformer and a suffragist and taught political economy in the early years of her career. Throughout Butler’s life, many of the writings gained prom inence. Some of them are, The Constitution Violated (1871), Social Purity (1879), The Hour Dawn (1882), Truth Before Everything (1898), and Native Races and The War (1900). For all the effort and hardship, Butler received the Grand Cross of the order of the British Empire in 1924. Butler was honored with an Honorary of Doctorate of Laws from University of St. Andrews in 1905 before receiving the cross. Butler could achieve this feat due to the constant support of George, a husband who never left wife’s side and always valued decisions made by Josephine. Her husband continued to support her even after he was ordered to leave his job in the university because of Butler’s revolution campaign. The vision of society for women or specifically prostitutes was totally inadmissible back in mid-1800’s. Due to the low economic background and pitiful situations, young girls were compelled to join the darkest part of society, a place where there’s no turning back, a p lace where she will be treated as a puppet, an evil part of a society called prostitution. Going to school and having a good outdoor job was for men, for women, it was none other than household jobs. The critical condition in the poor family made young girls walk towards hell. Back in time, there was a one-sidedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John Stuart Mill s Flags, Anthems, Art, And Traditions1693 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Stuart Mill believes that identity is an important part in decision-making; he might even argue that it is necessary in order to have nationalism. However, one’s self identity and nationalism can easily be strengthened or weakened with the introduction of new customs and cultures, as apparent in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and Netherland by Joseph O’Neill. Mill stresses in his novel On Liberty the idea of choice and the human right to make one’s own decisions. He believes that the powerRead More The Oppression of Colonized India Illustrated in Arundhati Roy’s Novel The God of Small Things1505 Words   |  7 Pagesgoal of harmonious family relationships that much more difficult, due to the families fragmenting throughout the old country and immigration to the land of the colonizer. Children and adult children alike lose perspective on their homeland and the struggles within their homeland. They become awe-struck by the development of the colonizers land, and as a result become confused with where their loyalties should lie. In Arundhati Roy’s novel â€Å"The God of Small Things†, the Kochamma family is a familyRead MoreThe Spaniards And The Indians1238 Words   |  5 Pagesonly fighting deaths but also â€Å"†¦disease a smallpox epidemic that devastated Aztec society.† (Foner, GML Pg21) Cortà © s is victories and begins catholic conversion along with enslavement. Masses are killed and enslaved over; non-conversion, surrender, hard labor, and fighting back. Years go by; millions of Indians are wiped out, due to; disease, brutality, starvation, and labor. â€Å"At first, the Indians were forced to stay six months away at work later, the time was extended to eight months and this wasRead More Reality and Illusion in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay3966 Words   |  16 Pagesearth had suddenly become audible.’ (Conrad, 44). This is the grove of death where Marlow first realizes the extent of the horror perpetrated by the white man and feels more sympathy for (but not kinship to) the dying Africans than the living colonizers. He makes a simile between the grove and Hell. To Marlow, Hell is a place where the movement of water becomes mysterious, uniform noise rather than the recognizable and comprehensible ‘voice of a brother’ that destroys uniformity; where silenceRead MoreA Post-Colonial Analysis of Mr. Know-All and Man-to-Man3054 Words   |  13 Pageslevel of society and is held together by a sophisticated ideology of color/race supremacy.† Such ideology of supremacy can be typically reflected in post-colonial theory and literature, whose overlapping themes include the initial encounter with the colonizer, the disruption of indigenous culture, the concept of â€Å"othering†, colonial oppression, white supremacy, and so on. This paper looks at Somerset Maugham’s short story Mr. Know-All and the 2005 French film Man-to-Man through a post-colonial lensRead MoreKevin Baliat. International Politics . Final Paper. 5/21/2017.1696 Words   |  7 Pagesof the world’s oil and in 1976, seventy nine percent of the worlds gold. Africa’s rich mineral basins and numerous tourist attractions left the rest of the world shocked when Africa s share of world trade has dropped from four percent to one and a half percent over the last forty years and its growth rates were down through the 1970s, 80s and 90s. Some experts averred that all this happened because African countries failed to attract private capital as most investors did not view it as a seriousRead More Prejudice and Racism in Heart of Darkness Essay3434 Words   |  14 Pagessometimes he is aware of his own cultural bias.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marlow says that the colonizer who goes to Africa must meet the jungle with â€Å" ‘his own true stuff—with his own inborn strength. Principles? Principles won’t do. Acquisitions, clothes, pretty rags—rags that would fly off at the first good shake? No; you want a deliberate belief.’†* The inherent strength of civilized people is in our ability to trust to faith, to believe so much in something that it will preserve our sense of self even when it isRead MoreEssay on Marlows Racism in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness3589 Words   |  15 Pagesopposing forces represent the two conflicting viewpoints present in every dilemma, be it cultural, social, or otherwise.   As a modern European man who believes religiously in imperialism, Marlow is inherently arrogant.   Yet, although he cannot accept the African jungle as being equally important as imperialism, his experiences there lead him to believe otherwise.   Essentially, t his is Marlows inner conflict.   Everything he has believed in his entire life seems to crumble around him.   His view of theRead MoreConsequences Of Colonization Of Africa1599 Words   |  7 Pagessegregation of the nation based on race and ethnicity alone. Dr. Verwoerd had a â€Å"fanatical belief in apartheid as a solution to race problems and a multi-racial state with white supremacy.† . South Africa remained under this oppressive regime for the better half of the 20th century and although its native people, especially black South Africans, petitioned and fought against the laws it was not until 1994 when apartheid was lifted that the black Africans were given the right to vote in a political electionRead MoreThe End Of The Second World War2286 Words   |  10 Pagescivilization to the world. On the eve of the Second World War , France controlled over a colonial empire that was second in size only to the British empire. The French empire was over twenty times as lar ge as its home country, and it had one and a half times as many inhabitants. At the end of the Second World War, opinion polls revealed that the French people who were used to having an empire expected that it would remain French and wanted to keep it. As one observer said while public opinion was

Owning a Pet Free Essays

You go to the mall, and there in center court is a bunch of cute, soft, wiggly puppies and kittens; some of them are in cages and some are being walked around by handlers. There is a crowd of adults and children surrounding them. You just have to hold one of them for just a minute, and then you are hooked. We will write a custom essay sample on Owning a Pet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Everyone knows that pets are loveable, soft and cuddly; what we forget about is the responsibility that comes with pet ownership. Outside of the time commitment to caring for a pet, there is also the financial aspect. When you own a pet, they have to be fed, groomed, exercised and loved; most of the time, with puppies, there is the training aspect of getting them to let you know when they need to go outside to eliminate waste and not to chew on furniture or other house fixtures. Try to avoid the use of second person â€Å"you† in your writing. Pets also add to the normal housekeeping routine due to pet hair and shedding which may require additional vacuuming. And, with cat ownership, there is the need to keep the litter box clean. All of this takes time from an already busy schedule. Add to that the expense of owning a pet: food, grooming, veterinarian and training expenses, to name a few. Consequently, what seemed like a good idea can have a drastic impact on your life. Most of us work; what do you do with the pet during the day when you are away from home? Or, what if you plan a trip and are unable to take the pet with you? Do you have a family member willing to take on the responsibility of caring for your pet while you are gone? Or, do you pay to have the pet boarded while you are gone? Cats are fairly self-sufficient and can be left alone for long periods of time; dogs, not so much. If you own a dog and are away at work, what do you do about the dog using when it needs to go outside? These are all important considerations prior to walking out the door with that cute, fluffy pet. We all know that pets are loving and loyal companions. Above all, one should consider the consequences of pet ownership, in terms of time and expenses. How to cite Owning a Pet, Papers

Ethical Approaches to Deal with Daily temptations

Questions: 1 What did you learn from thus topic? 2 What do think this topic is important? 3 How would you apply thus topic in your life? Answers: 1. I have learnt that there are seven daily temptations such as conflict of interest, bribery, corruption, boycotts, insider trading, transparency and greed, injustice, which are facing by each of the Christian Man. In order to survive in our daily life we need to consider the purpose of the survival. After that, it is required to identify the enemy and required to understand how the enemies can be harmful to us. Therefore, from this study I have also learnt that we need to have courage to protect ourselves from the attack of the enemies. On the other hand, in order to take decisions, the consultant requires to identify the competitors strategies in their business. 2. This study is important, as this study has provided us to understand how domestic corruption affects the business and the decision making process. On the other hand, this study is also very important, as this study has explained the concepts of seven daily temptations with the help of the appropriate examples. In addition, this study is also very important to discuss the risk factors, which affect the seven daily temptations. In order to mitigate the risk factors, this study has also described the necessary approaches. 3. From the study, I have learnt how to survive against the functioning of the opponents. In order to get justice, I need to focus on the personal integrity. On the other hand, in case of the maintenance of transparency, I speak always truth, which I have learnt from this study. In addition, I used privileges knowledge in order to increase the self-advantage. This would in turn reflect to develop the insider trading of myself. With the help of Boycott temptation, I worked with the activists. In this connection, sometimes I got the support from the social media. Therefore, with the help of these strategies, I have improved my lifestyle.

Marketing Law Selling and Advertising

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Law for Selling and Advertising. Answer: In this assignment, the key issues of marketing law related selling and advertising need to be discussed as the company has developed a program for the purpose of marketing a noble fitness programme in which latest gym equipment and personalized fitness training is offered to the Australian consumers in their homes. In this regard the law provides that when selling advertising their products or services of the company, the company should be aware of the relevant regulations in other to make sure that the consumers are not being misled by the company. For this purpose, the following list of regulations need to be considered by the company violated is conducting its marketing activities related with the fitness program that it is going to offer to the Australian consumers. The law provides that when the company is advertising or marketing its products or services, there are a number of regulations that need to be complied.[1] The first regulations are related misleading and deceptive conduct. In this regard the Australian Consumer Law[2] provides that by promoting its products or services, the company is required to make sure that any branding, statement or any other representation made by the company in this process is not false or misleading for the consumers.[3] In this regard, component pricing can be described as a situation where the company has displayed or advertise the price of a product or service in separate parts. An example in this regard can be given a where the single price of the car has been displayed by the company and the additional on road costs are mentioned separately. In this regard the law provides that if the company is using component pricing, it is required by the Australian consumer law that the company should also mention t he full price, inclusive of the additional costs prominently to the consumers. The law also prohibits bait advertising. In this context, bait advertising[4] can be described as the situation where the manufacturers or the supplier had advertised a product at a particular price but a reasonable supply of the product at such prices not available.[5] According to the law, bait advertising has been prohibited in the business of selling the product even after being aware of the fact that it cannot meet the expected demand. If any competition, promotion or lottery over a particular amount has been offered by the company, such offers above a certain amount may be regulated by a permit. The company is also required to note that it has to make sure that any statement related to the products and services of the company should be true and accurate and should be able to be substantiated. In this regard, fines have been prescribed for the businesses if they mislead the consumers. In this regard it also needs to be noted by the company that it is immaterial if the false or misleading statement has been made intentionally or otherwise by the company. Therefore it is illegal for the company to make statements if such statement is incorrect or it is likely to result in creating a false impression.[6] This includes the statements or the advertisements made in any media like radio, television, print or social media or if the statement has been made on the packaging of the product. It also includes any statement that has been made by a person who represents the business. Therefore, for example the company is required to make sure that it does not be any false or misleading clai ms regarding the quality, price, value or the benefits provided by the goods or services or any related warranty or guarantee. At the same time, the law also prohibits using false testimonials or "passing off". It also needs to be mentioned that when it is being examined if the conduct of the company is likely to mislead or deceive the consumers, in this regard it will be considered if the overall impression created by the statement of conduct was false or inaccurate.[7] The Australian Consumer Law is a part of the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010. This is a national law and is applicable throughout Australia. The result is that the same protections have been provided to the consumers and in the same way, the responsibilities and obligations of the businesses are also the same throughout Australia. This law has been introduced with a view to provide protection to consumers and also to ensure fair trading.[8] The ACL covers several key areas related with marketing and selling. This includes the misleading and deceptive conduct by the businesses. For this purpose, puffery, disclaimers and small print, silence, predictions and opinions are also covered by this legislation. The false and misleading representations include testimonials. At the same time, the ACL also provide certain consumer guarantees to the consumers. Therefore the effect of including these consumer guarantees in the ACL is that the parties cannot remove or restrict the application of these consumer guarantees. In the present case also, when the company is going to offer its fitness program which includes state of the art gym equipment as well as home based training for the consumers, the company is required to keep in mind the above mentioned legal issues. At the same time, the company should also be aware of bundling practices that are commonly used in the fitness industry and such knowledge should be sufficient for defusing any misleading nature of the advertisement. Similarly, the company is also required to make sure that the advertisements are not of the nature that the consumers only observe the dominant message or its general thrust.[9] Therefore, for example if the company is going to offer an attractive membership plan to the consumers, it is necessary that all parts of the plan should be given equal significance and in the same way, the cost and benefits of the individual parts need to be highlighted equally. Bibliography Amanda Bodger and Melissa Monks, (2010) Getting in the Red over Green: The Risks with Green Marketing 3(3) Journal of Sponsorship 284, 284 Carter, JW, Carter on Contracts (LexisNexis Butterworths, Australia Downes, J, The Australian Consumer Law (2011) 19 AJCCL 5 Finn, P, Unconscionable Conduct (1994) 8 JCL 37 Meagher, R P, Heydon, J D and Leeming, M J, Meagher Gummow and Lehanes Equity: Doctrines and Remedies (4th ed, LexisNexis Butterworths, Australia, 2002 Samuel, G, The Australian Consumer Law an ACCC perspective (2011) 19(1) AFCCL 27 Seddon, N C and Ellinghaus, M P, Cheshire and Fifoots Law of Contract (9th Australian edition, LexisNexis Butterworths, Australia, 2008) Legislation s29 Australian Consumer Law s35 Australian Consumer Law

Marketing Mix Finagle a Bagel Essay Example

Marketing Mix Finagle a Bagel Paper Products Variable: Finagle a Bagel does not only sell plain Bagels but they also have 14 varieties of eagle sandwiches, and salads that are all linked to their core concept. The ingredients used to make these menus are natural chemical free ingredients. Finagle a Bagel strives for uniqueness; they study their target market and determine through informal survey and competition research what their customer want. Unlike other competitor the firm does not believe in copying or Implementing what Is trendy, the firm believes In Innovative yet appealing Ideas. A mix of Good, Service. ND Ideas are the elements utilized to assure that the firm introduces new products that are not only unique but successful. Products are prepared fresh and based upon each customers preference. Pricing Variable: Finagle a Bagel has a policy that states that regardless of the cost they would not compromise the quality of their products. They maintain the same cost for their product regardless of the store locati ons because they understand that customers want to be treated fairly In spite of where they live. The firm studies the best possible ingredients, the cost of the same before they use them for their recipes. Competition price analysis Is also a determining factor for the Finagle a Bagel. Customer surveys aka place before launching a new product with the purpose of determining the expected price that customers are willing to pay for the same. A frequent Finagler Card Is another element that the firm has Implemented with success. Cardholders receive one point for every dollar spent at the store. The points can be redeemed for coffee, juice, sandwiches, or a dozen of bagels. Distribution Variable: Finagle a Bagel has 17 retail stores in the metro and suburban areas of Boston. City stores are all about speed while maintaining high end customer relations. Suburban stores are more about service and are more customers oriented. Currently the organization has 1 wholesales distribution store. The firm has a special relationship with Shaw Supermarkets which Is linked to 200 other stores. This factor makes Handle secular tout 350 honorable customers per year. Handle Adages are In grocery store freezers and in the deli area. They also have daily fresh bagel distributors and retailing partners. The most impressive method of distribution that the firm has is Bagels by Mail. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Mix Finagle a Bagel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Mix Finagle a Bagel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Mix Finagle a Bagel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Customers can place orders on the firms website. The abovementioned demonstrates that more than retail stores the company has strong commitment to making their products available at convenient location for their customers. Having the product availability in the desired quantity to as many target market customers is the most important factor of the distribution variable. Promotion Variable: Finagle a Bagel has promotion and advertisement methods with the intent to drive in new customers and increase the awareness of the firm in the market. These campaigns are aggressive but yet they are spontaneous. The intention of the marketing department is that the first time consumers have a memorable experience. 2. Identify which forces from the marketing environment impact Finagle a Bagel. The forces that impact any business are competitors, new entrants, substitutes, suppliers, and customers. The economic forces may threat the strategies that the firm has implemented. The recession has affected the disposable income and the discretionary income that individuals have after the expenditures. The willingness to spend is affected by the economic conditions of the consumer. Nevertheless, Finagle a Bagel is the leading bagel provider in the area because of what they stand for. Consumers stand behind the brand regardless of the economical forces that are affected. 3. Describe how the six forces in the marketing environment impact the way Finagle A Bagel operates. As all companies Finagle a Bagel marketing unit has to rely in environmental scanning to be able to cope with the environmental forces. Environmental scanning is the process that includes searching out information that is unavailable to most people and sorting out what is important and what is not. Mainly the following are factors that affect the environment forces and help managers develop competitive intelligence. What are the competitors? What are the barriers in the industry? What are the substitutes that exist for their products? What is their level of dependence on the suppliers? How dependent is the firm on powerful customers? Competitive Forces: Competitive forces refer to the number of competitors that a firm has in the market. Finagle a Bagel not only competes with those firms that make bagels, but also with the ones that make salads and sandwiches. The firm has a practice that helps them determine how customers react to trendy and hot practices that other business adopt by conducting informal surveys. They like the fact that they are considered trend setters instead of followers. To maintain their competitive advantage Finagle uses fresh products, clean and inviting restaurants, as well as competitive and customer oriented staff. They make sure that their products are a healthy option for the consumer. In order to assure that they are bowing to the uniqueness that they strive for many times they wait to gather the correct ingredients to be able to complete one of their innovations. Economic Forces: Economic forces influence both the company and the customers decision to buy. Penn. Currently we are facing recession times where the Discretionary income is lower and the buying power is affected negatively. Finagle a Bagel has a policy that no matter where their restaurants are located customers must be able to pay the same. They are committed to not letting the cost of products affect the quality that they stand for. Political Forces: Political, legal and regulatory forces are interrelated. Foundations of Marketing) Elected appointed government officials are the ones responsible many times for enacting legislations and legal decision making. Mainly their views are a reflection of their political point of view. Marketing decisions and strategies are affected by the political forces. Many times companies have the need to seek for legal advice which tends to be very costly. This is the main reason that marketers find valuable engaging in direct negotiations with gove rnmental personnel or through firms that are hired to serve as a direct representative of the company, for example consultant or lobbyist. This action helps to reduce bureaucracy and favor the company with particular positions that these may have. It is unclear to me if Finagle a Bagel is a reactive a proactive firm Legal and Regulatory Forces: These are the political, legal, and regulatory forces of the marketing environment and they are intrinsically inter-related. Regulatory forces like for example The Public Health and Safety Department which helps restaurant owners follow standards that will guarantee clean and safe food and environs for its consumers. The Public Health Commission ensures that regulations are met and those in violations are sanctioned.

A chance of emergence Essays

A chance of emergence Essays A chance of emergence Essay A chance of emergence Essay Culture in organisation frequently reflects norm, value, tradition, and expectation from its people. Each organisation has its own unique internal environment. For example, in theory, all applicants are required to show their self-confidence and their extroversion. These cannot go well with the traditional or conservative organisation which requires a modest person rather than an aggressive one. A working environment which comprises structure or flexible style can affect the applicant when they have an interview, for instance, casual clothes are accepted in some companies but not others. Ideal working environment was quoted in theory but in practical it is far beyond that. The continual innovation and improvement of science and technology have been changing social economy environment and competitive methods between companies to a great extent (Ref). This kind of transformation enhances the difficulty of companies and organisations to make an appropriate policy of HRM. They need to achieve a balance of catching up with new challenges and avoiding the risk of inaccurate decision-making. In recruitment and selection, technology has adapted new content in practice, the flourish of traditional public media let organisations place their recruiting adverts at a reasonable price, the development of public transport and the car industry has made it possible for companies to recruit from a larger region, the Internet has given them a good chance to go further. A giant in computer soft industry claims that The only constant in Microsoft is change (Ref). However, not all players are winners in this game. It is universal for managers to make inaccurate decisions because of deficient cognition of new methods. For instance, although E-recruitment can bring us quick, low-cost, efficient methods of finding qualified candidates, it still has unavoidable shortcomings. (www. arinso. com/downloads/recruitment. pdf, accessed 11/11/03) Online recruitment and the use of new emerging technologies have many advantages for the modern recruiter. The one drawback, however, is that online recruitment can appear to be a daunting subject? (Michael Stamp, E-recruitment is revolutionising the Recruitment Industry)The worldwide trend of incorporation and internationalisation has promoted companies to expand into huge organisations. Recruitment and selection have become extremely difficult to deal with in such enormous employee scale. When each step of Recruitment is made, HRM department need to classify complicated relationships and deal with huge information. Once an inaccurate decision is made, the influence is fatal and far-reaching. Take Balin Bank of UK as an example, (Ref) which had a history as long as 233 years and finally became bankruptcy. Besides the unsound operation system, the essential reason was the using of wrong people in fatal positions. Again, Ericsson announced that they would lay off another 1,700 employees in Sweden as an important step of the final object to be at 47,000 employees next year from 107,000 at the start of 2001. Maybe it will help the company to a profit during 2003. However, they could get more benefits if they had taken appropriate action in their recruitment and selection phases, from planning to testing. (Ref/Why? )Every theory has a particular environment of society and economy to exist in. When HRM theories were concluded, they all had been proved as effective to solve specific problems in practice. Nevertheless, these specific problems have different representations in different cultures and political environments. When business is put in a variable environment, HRM does not always work as well as it does in theory. Sometimes it is such a long and costly term for a company to adapt their HRM methods to new region which they are trying to expand to, no matter how successful these methods had been in the original system. The growth process of Microsoft China is a good case in point. In this August, Microsoft continued the contract with Jun Tan, who was assigned as the chairman of their subsidiary in China one year ago (Ref). It seems that Microsoft have found a suitable method of recruitment and selection for this important subsidiary now. However, they had been bothered for 5 years before the commission of Jun Tan. Each predecessor of Jun Tan survived in the hard and fast test of Microsoft, which proved effective in recruitment of their subsidiaries in western countries. These experts in both management and technology, had not arrived as far as they were expected in China market. Fortunately, Microsoft realised what they needed was a manager familiar with Chinese culture and the particular situation of China. After the commission of Jun Tan, Microsoft designed a new position CEO of Microsoft in big China area for an advanced manager recruited from another company, who has a strong background of working with Chinese government. Cultural shock is not the only thing that can beat companies HRM methods and strategies, every change of business environment could be fatal. There has been a gradual decline in the importance of recruitment and selection theories because of their validity and reliability. In the changing circumstances of a competitive business environment, it seems that every factor such as people, technology and so forth is changing all the time; on the other hand, the theories development are steady in the way of realistic applied. Generally speaking, individuals are different in terms of attitude and belief which affects their behaviour. It is implausible that the theories can be matched up perfectly with each individual. Each organisation has its own organisational culture which can be distinguished from the others. Moreover, currently, businesses have to be able to compete internationally. Nevertheless, the theories have limitations for worldwide use. Some theories can be appropriate for one country but not another. The big change of recruitment and selection method was brought by the impact of technology, the emergence of online recruitment or E-recruitment. As far as E-recruitment is concerned, it is believed that it could reduce operating expenditure and time spent on advertising and selecting the right candidate, for example. This phenomenon is not only about technology but also cultural and behavioural change both within HRM and people in organisation. It is a barrier-free procedure which means that everybody has the same rights to approach an organisation. No matter who you are, disabled person, mother of two children, black or white, man or woman. The process of E-recruitment will eliminate bias occurring from the recruiter. These will bring equal opportunities for people in society. E-recruitment is going to be the next important step of recruitment and selection without any doubt if the organisation strictly manage and deploy it in the constructive way. In the end, modern theory will definitely be waiting for a chance of emergence.

Free Essays on Kohlberg Stages

Moral issues have been a fundamental issue since the beginning of time. Conflicting assertions and different opinions have created a topic of interest to many philosophers, researches, sociologists and many other intellectuals. Lawrence Kohlberg studied the stages of moral judgement expanding on what Jean Piaget, the father of moral development studied. However, â€Å"Kohlberg determined that the process of attaining moral maturity took longer and was more gradual than Piaget had proposed.† Kohlberg believed that moral development progressed as time went on, through as series of stages. Kohlberg identified six stages of moral development that he proposed humans follow throughout life. He groups these stages into three major levels. The first level, the preconventional level, â€Å"a persons moral judgements are characterized by a concrete, individual perspective.† Stage one focuses on the fact that a persons moral judgements are based on the fact that breaking rules that are made will result in punishment. In this stage, they remain obedient in order to avoid any consequences of an action.. This stage is based on egocentric behavior which is the inability to consider another person perspective. â€Å"At this level, the child is responsive to cultural rules and labels of good and bad, right or wrong, but he interprets the labels in terms of either the physical or hedonistic consequences of action (Punishment, reward, exchange of favors) or the physical power of those who enunciate the rules and labels.† Stage one is considered the punishment and obedience orientation phase. ‘The physical consequences of an action determine its goodness or badness regardless of the human meaning or value these consequences. Avoidance of punishment and unquestioning deference to power are values in their own right.† For example, Joe and Pete are playing in their first grade classroom. Joe see’s a toy that Pete is playing with, and... Free Essays on Kohlberg Stages Free Essays on Kohlberg Stages Moral issues have been a fundamental issue since the beginning of time. Conflicting assertions and different opinions have created a topic of interest to many philosophers, researches, sociologists and many other intellectuals. Lawrence Kohlberg studied the stages of moral judgement expanding on what Jean Piaget, the father of moral development studied. However, â€Å"Kohlberg determined that the process of attaining moral maturity took longer and was more gradual than Piaget had proposed.† Kohlberg believed that moral development progressed as time went on, through as series of stages. Kohlberg identified six stages of moral development that he proposed humans follow throughout life. He groups these stages into three major levels. The first level, the preconventional level, â€Å"a persons moral judgements are characterized by a concrete, individual perspective.† Stage one focuses on the fact that a persons moral judgements are based on the fact that breaking rules that are made will result in punishment. In this stage, they remain obedient in order to avoid any consequences of an action.. This stage is based on egocentric behavior which is the inability to consider another person perspective. â€Å"At this level, the child is responsive to cultural rules and labels of good and bad, right or wrong, but he interprets the labels in terms of either the physical or hedonistic consequences of action (Punishment, reward, exchange of favors) or the physical power of those who enunciate the rules and labels.† Stage one is considered the punishment and obedience orientation phase. ‘The physical consequences of an action determine its goodness or badness regardless of the human meaning or value these consequences. Avoidance of punishment and unquestioning deference to power are values in their own right.† For example, Joe and Pete are playing in their first grade classroom. Joe see’s a toy that Pete is playing with, and...

Free Essays on Confucius And The Ideal Gentleman

The Ideal Gentleman When someone thinks about Confucius, the first thing that comes to mind is the Confucius says jokes. Though Confucius sayings where all but a joke. In his wise sayings, Confucius tried to bring people to a virtuous way of life and respect for the teaching of wise men of older generations. Some of Confucius’s sayings were gathered and put into a book called The Analects. In The Analects, Confucius describes the ideal person or what is otherwise known as the perfect gentleman. His description critiques what it takes to become the perfect gentleman. Confucius describes the perfect gentlemen of being moral, but what does he really mean by moral. Confucius’s behavior also in many ways described the perfect gentleman. Confucius spoke much about the perfect gentleman. In his preaching, Confucius described how to become a perfect gentleman. He believed that by spending time finding errors in others, a person would be able to find errors within himself. â€Å"The Master said, it is not the failure of others to appreciate your abilities that should trouble you, but rather your failure to appreciate theirs.† (Lau, 62) By finding errors in one’s self a person then would be able to correct them and be one step closer to becoming the ideal gentleman. Confucius believed that when someone spent a lot of time with friends and family that they should just listen to them talk. Just by listening to them talk one would be able to pick up traits on how to become an ideal gentleman. â€Å"The Master said, ‘when you meet someone better than yourself, turn your thoughts to becoming his equal. When you meet someone not as good as you are, look within and examine your own self.† (La u, 74) A person should also talk in order to get to know other people better, and by talking he can figure out what he knows and doesn’t know about being the ideal gentleman. Confucius also thought that it was important to criticize oth... Free Essays on Confucius And The Ideal Gentleman Free Essays on Confucius And The Ideal Gentleman The Ideal Gentleman When someone thinks about Confucius, the first thing that comes to mind is the Confucius says jokes. Though Confucius sayings where all but a joke. In his wise sayings, Confucius tried to bring people to a virtuous way of life and respect for the teaching of wise men of older generations. Some of Confucius’s sayings were gathered and put into a book called The Analects. In The Analects, Confucius describes the ideal person or what is otherwise known as the perfect gentleman. His description critiques what it takes to become the perfect gentleman. Confucius describes the perfect gentlemen of being moral, but what does he really mean by moral. Confucius’s behavior also in many ways described the perfect gentleman. Confucius spoke much about the perfect gentleman. In his preaching, Confucius described how to become a perfect gentleman. He believed that by spending time finding errors in others, a person would be able to find errors within himself. â€Å"The Master said, it is not the failure of others to appreciate your abilities that should trouble you, but rather your failure to appreciate theirs.† (Lau, 62) By finding errors in one’s self a person then would be able to correct them and be one step closer to becoming the ideal gentleman. Confucius believed that when someone spent a lot of time with friends and family that they should just listen to them talk. Just by listening to them talk one would be able to pick up traits on how to become an ideal gentleman. â€Å"The Master said, ‘when you meet someone better than yourself, turn your thoughts to becoming his equal. When you meet someone not as good as you are, look within and examine your own self.† (La u, 74) A person should also talk in order to get to know other people better, and by talking he can figure out what he knows and doesn’t know about being the ideal gentleman. Confucius also thought that it was important to criticize oth...

504 Plans for Students with Dyslexia

504 Plans for Students with Dyslexia Some students with dyslexia are eligible for accommodations in school under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. This is a civil rights law prohibiting discrimination based on a disability in any agency or institution which receives federal funds, including public schools. According to the U.S. Office for Civil Rights, students are eligible for accommodations and services, as needed, under Section 504 if they (1) have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities; or (2) have a record of such an impairment; or (3) be regarded as having such an impairment. A major life activity is one that an average person can complete with little or no difficulty. Learning, reading, and writing are considered major life activities. Developing a Section 504 Plan If parents believe their child needs a 504 plan, they must make a written request to ask the school to evaluate a child for eligibility for accommodations under Section 504. But teachers, administrators and other school personnel can also request an evaluation. Teachers might request an evaluation if they see a student having chronic problems in school and they believe these problems are caused by a disability. Once this request is received, the Child Study Team, which includes the teacher, the parents and other school personnel, meets to decide if the child is eligible for accommodations. During the evaluation, the team reviews recent report cards and grades, standardized test scores, discipline reports and talks with parents and teachers about school performance. If a child has been privately evaluated for dyslexia, this report will probably be included. If the student has other conditions, such as ADHD, a doctors report may have been submitted. The educational team reviews all of this information to decide if a student is eligible for accommodations under Section 504. If eligible, the team members will also offer suggestions for accommodations based on the individual needs of the student. They will also outline who, within the school, is responsible for implementing each of the services. Usually, there is an annual review to determine if the student is still eligible and to review the accommodations and see if changes need to be made. The General Education Teachers Role As the teacher, general educators should be involved in the evaluation process. During the evaluation, teachers are in a position to offer an insider view of the daily problems a student is having. This may mean completing a questionnaire to be reviewed by the team, or you may elect to attend the meetings. Some school districts encourage teachers to be in the meetings, giving their perspective and offering suggestions for accommodations. Because teachers are often the first line in implementing classroom accommodations, it makes sense for you to attend meetings so you better understand what is expected and you can voice objections if you feel an accommodation would be too disruptive for the rest of your class or too difficult to carry out. Once the Section 504 has been developed and accepted by the parents and the school, it is a legal contract. The school is responsible for making sure all aspects of the agreement are carried out. Teachers do not have the ability to decline or refuse to implement accommodations listed in the Section 504. They cannot pick and choose which accommodations they want to follow. If, after the Section 504 has been approved, you find that certain accommodations are not working in the students best interest or interfere with your ability to teach your class, you must talk with your schools 504 Coordinator and request a meeting with the educational team. Only this team can make changes to the Section 504 Plan. You may also want to attend the annual review. Usually Section 504 plans are reviewed on an annual basis. During this meeting the educational team will decide whether the student is still eligible and if so, whether the previous accommodations should be continued. The team will look to the teacher to provide information about whether the student utilized the accommodations and whether these accommodations helped the student within the classroom. Additionally, the educational team will look toward the coming school year to see what needs the student has.References: Frequently Asked Questions About Section 504 and the Education of Children with Disabilities, Modified 2011, Mar 17, Staff Writer, U.S. Department of Education: Office for Civil Rights IEPs vs. 504 Plans, 2010 Nov 2, Staff Writer, Sevier County Special Education Section 504 Handbook, 2010, Feb, Kittery School Department

The Reformation of Religion European History (1500 - 1560) Essay

The Reformation of Religion European History (1500 - 1560) - Essay Example During this time many women were changing from avowed Catholics to the new religion spreading rapidly across Europe. The new religion was that of the newly named Protestants. The topic of the reformation is an important issue to raise among women today. Before the Reformation, women had little or no participation in the Catholic Church. Priests did not discuss religious matters with a mere woman. Wealthy women could attend Mass and church services regularly, but middle class and poor women were not as fortunate. The middle class and poorer women normally had the services of the Church when married or after birth. Most of the time middle class or poorer women only attended Mass and confession once a year around the Yule time. Many Catholic women were also illiterate. The need to read did not become important to women until the Bible was translated from Latin into the local language by the Protestants. On the other hand, Protestant women attended church services regularly, whether wealthy, middle class or poor. Women could speak about religious with their Protestant pastors. In fact, women could speak on religious matters like an equal with men. Since the backbone of the Protestant movement was the right to translate and read the Bible personally, literacy rose among women after becoming Protestants. Women had a little more freedom through becoming Protestants than before the beginning of the Reformation. To prove her conclusions of the time, Natalie Davis used various sources to prove her point. She used the traditional books. Some of the books used were The Heresy or the Free Spirit in the Later Middle Ages by Robert E. Lerner, The Appeal of Calvinism by Nancy Roelker, Power to Dissolve by John T. Noonan, Jr. and Le marriage li Geneve vers 1600 by R. Stauffenegger. Ms. Davis also used journals such as â€Å"The Double Standard,† Journal of the History of Ideas 2.0. The most impressive of Ms. Davis’s sources were the

Math Autobiography Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Math Autobiography - Article Example The teacher did not grade our performances in such class activities but rather chose to mark a wrong or right, paying greater attention in determining our weaknesses which would then determine the solution approach adopted. Geometry particularly gave me problems initially. Specifically, I found it challenging to solve problems that required the determination of the length of the sides in triangles. There was a specific set of triangles that were standard in terms of the angles of the intersecting sides that was difficult to me. Problems related to equilateral triangles were simpler because of the equality in the measurements. However, problems regarding the other types, including scalene and isosceles triangles, were challenging to me. I would give significant attempts to solving questions regarding remote angles of a triangle but determining exterior angles were critically challenging. Moreover, there were problems that required complex shapes to be decomposed into simpler ones for their measurements to be determined. This posed the challenge of having to determine the appropriate shape and how to further determine the measurements. It was difficult to understand what made Geometry difficult to me. However, Holme argues that failure in findings solutions to problems could be attributed to fixed thoughts and inflexible approaches (6). The failure of familiar approaches to solve a problem could result in an experience of challenges. This could have been my problem because, even after learning the approaches to solving Geometry problems from my peers, I would still try to find how my approaches would fit in. I was afraid of adopting new strategies. However, I am now well versed with Geometry sums. I found the solution by starting with dropping all the methods I used to solve such problems. I then adopted new strategies as shown by my peer

Impressive and Attractive Portfolio Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Impressive and Attractive Portfolio - Article Example An impressive portfolio along with a good resume can increase the prospect of an applicant or job seeker to conquer heights of professional achievement. As far as the insurance field is concerned, one can rise to eminence if only one has good communication skills and if one is able to maintain effective business correspondence with the clients and the employer through effective e-mails, various types of letters, memos and press releases. By arresting the attention of the company/client through a systematically prepared portfolio, the applicant gets a chance to prove that he/she is the perfect fit for the job. As the past work one has done is considered as the best indicator of future performance, a hiring manager really cares about what the applicant can do for them in the future. In an interview, the examples of one’s work turn the interview into an opportunity to show where one excels and it provides a concrete opportunity for the employer to look for what he really expects from the applicant. A portfolio which is systematically prepared could just give one the edge, and one may get the first offer. To prepare an excellent portfolio, one must concentrate on the following points. It must include a copy of the applicant’s master resume to show the level of one’s skills, base and breadth of one's experiences in the field. Moreover, it must be pointed out that the applicant possesses lots of untapped potentials which distinguish him from the rest of the people being interviewed. The next point that must be considered is whether the applicant is capable of setting real examples or representative samples of his/her past works, which clearly show one’s level of skill and quality. For instance, a person who has previously worked in an insurance company or a bank can include samples of memos, e-mails, reply letters, request letters, negative message letters, sales letters and press releases in his/ her portfolio.

Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance Dissertation

Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance - Dissertation Example 53 List of Figures and Appendices Figure 1: Preference of companies for different performance appraisal measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 32 Figure 2: Satisfaction levels of employee on different measures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 32 Figure 3: Factors influencing motivation of employees†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 34 Figure 4: Alternative measures in influencing employee performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 35 Appendix 1: The Gantt Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.... 46 Appendix 2: Questionnaire†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 47 I. Executive Summary Organizations in the modern times are all the more improving and adopting new measures towards their performances. Performance management has always been an integral part of every organization dealing with the employee performance study and determining ways to improve the employee performances. The current study deals with an understanding of the capability of a performance appraisal system in influencing the employee performance within an organization. The focus of the study has been to understand whether there is a need to incorporate alternative measures within organizations to effectively influence organizational employees. The study has taken both primary and secondary sources as its study materials. While the secondary sources based on the previous researches conducted on the concerned topic, the primary sources were based on the interviews and survey responses conducted on some of the companies in London, the participants being the organizational members and managers. The complete study has clearly reflected the fact that although performa nce appraisal systems are doing well and are quite significant in... From this dissertation it is clear that employees are an organization’s most important assets. Their satisfaction, good performance, positive attitude, creativity, adaptability etc. are very important for the growth of any organization. Human Capital in an organization does not refer simply to the people working for an organization. It can be seen in terms of the total collective worth of the capabilities, skill-sets, prior-experiences, knowledge and motivation present in an organizational workforce. Human capital is of supreme importance in organizations mainly because of the huge cost that is incurred on them and also because of the fact that if properly guided, human capital has the power to take an organization to a much higher level. Going by the huge amount of literature available on this topic, it can be said that the idea of monitoring and guiding the performance of both, an individual and the organization as a whole, is not a new concept. The origin of performance man agement can be traced back to the period of First World War when the assessment used to have the personality of the individual as the criteria of assessment. During the 1960s, the appraisal practice shifted its focus towards the setting of organizational goals and assessing an individual on the basis of performance related competencies and not personality. The late years of 1980 and the whole of 1990 witnessed the organizations undergoing a lot of quick change. During this period, the appraisal system had become the core process of managing the workforce and the organization as a whole.

About What Writes Andrew Sullivan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About What Writes Andrew Sullivan - Assignment Example The essay starts with a question, a common question, the answer to which we all know but ignore since we are too busy. The answer to the question raised by Sullivan is Yes, we all miss a lot when we have our earphones plugged in our ears and we are listening to the music of our choice which makes us oblivious to our surroundings. Sullivan describes his visit to New York, where he observes the silence in the crowd of millions which makes him feel less alive in once called a city of life. According to Sullivan, everyone in the city had a white cord coming out of their ears and going in their pockets where the precious iPhones playing the music of their choice resided. Everyone seemed dumbfounded, everywhere in the city he went, he found people not talking to each other, not communicating with each other but listening to music. Music which was once a mode of communication and sharing now becomes the sole reason for this silence and imprisonment of souls. Sullivan’s essay beautifully describes what is wrong with our current society. He gives a simple example of people listening to their own songs and not communicating with the each other and explains the death of our culture and society. The change in our society has been explained in this essay with the examples of apple store being turned into churches where people would go every Sunday and offer their prayers. The only difference between an apple store and a church is that in a church people actually pray. Also, Sullivan explains that too much use of technology has led to this failure of culture and the devastating change in our society. We rely more on technology than on each other these days.

Aristotelian ethics Essay Example for Free

Aristotelian ethics Essay Aristotelian ethics is focused on the search for happiness through virtue. Happiness functions as the chief and final end of man while virtue is a mediated state in between the irrational tendencies of man. The Aristotelian ethical system is primarily focused on the notion of virtue and value of the golden mean which focuses on practicality as a method of achieving happiness in opposition to self-realization. According to Aristotle, ethical knowledge is not precise compared to the study of mathematics or the sciences, but a practical discipline; that in order to be good or virtuous is not to quantify it as a study but to actually experience becoming good or virtuous. In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle’s work breaks away from the reason-centered philosophies of his predecessors namely Plato and Aristotle concerning the reason-based pursuit of the highest form of good through an empirical and a goal-centered approach. The attainment of the ‘good’ is the foundation of Aristotelian ethical principles; ethics during the context of classical Greek philosophy is primarily concerned on living the ‘good’ life through the moderation of actions. This notion of good however is different from the hedonistic perspectives concerning the happiness. Hedonism centers its beliefs on pleasure as the purpose or final end of man while Aristotle’s ethics are primarily directed to the practice and experience of life through virtue and mediation. He argues that the rational and irrational tendencies of the soul such as aspirations, desires, wants, and needs, have an ultimate end. Happiness is the final end of such tendencies; however, the process in which happiness may be achieved may go against the dictates of the soul because of subjectivity. Contrary to Platos self-existing good, happiness is practical rather than an ideal; it can be attained in the sense that an individual must experience it. The highest form of good must be desirable in itself and not to function to some other self-serving purpose. For Aristotle, happiness is found in the everyday experiences of life and work that is unique to rationalistic human soul. The individual’s purpose is to act upon what is inherently human, that is, to attain happiness through experience. The fulfillment of such end leads to the state of eudaimonia, literally meaning happiness. Eudaimonia is a state of state of mind rather than an interpretative or emotive understanding of happiness per se. In order to achieve such, Aristotle first defines the distinct parts of the human soul, the notion of virtue and its function as part of experience. Happiness is subjective to the individual since there are many forms and concepts wherein happiness can be interpreted; pleasure leads to a state of temporal and physical happiness but does not eternally reside on the individual. The multitude of perspectives concerning the attainment of a universal idea of happiness is a dilemma; since experience provides a subjective interpretation of a phenomenon, there may be no existing ‘universal’ idea. As narrated in the Ethics: â€Å"And so the man who has been educated in a subject is a good judge of that subject, and the man who has received an all-round education is a good judge in general. Hence a young man is not a proper hearer of lectures on political science; for he is inexperienced in the actions that occur in life† (Aristotle 3). For Aristotle, experience and practicality are the foundations of ethical belief. In contrast with his predecessor’s mode of ethical discipline, Aristotle argues that ethics cannot be derived from an abstract notion such as Plato’s Theory of Forms where the self-existing good remains self-evident and unchangeable. This reason-based or rationalistic approach is refuted with Aristotle’s empirical standpoint. Experience, according to Aristotle, is a unique human condition and its uniqueness provides the basis for the formation of a practical ethical system of belief. In order to understand the concept of virtue, Aristotle first divides the parts of the human soul into two parts, the rational and irrational soul which is further subdivided into three categories, namely: the vegetative, appetitive, and calculative value. The irrational ‘part’ of the human person is related to the animalistic soul or instinct (nutritive value), while the rational soul is the distinguishing factor against pure instinctive tendencies. Thus, rational nature of the soul is the definition of the human persona humans has the ability to reason (calculative/appetitive) and impose control on irrational tendencies. The normative control over irrational desires is also a part of Aristotle’s biological differentiation between man and animal. Animals rely on instinct or desire which is irrational, to maintain their survival. The control of the irrational nature (appetitive) leads to the formation of moral virtue while the perfection of the pure rationalistic soul which provides intellect and reason (calculative) is known as an intellectual virtue. Thus, moral virtue falls under the middle ground between the intellect, which regulates it, and the passions, which virtue attempts to control. Virtue is defined as â€Å"a state of character concerned with choice, lying in a mean, i. e. the mean relative to us, this being determined by a rational principle, and by that principle by which the man of practical wisdom would determine it† (Aristotle 35). Virtue, in accordance with experience, is based from practical knowledge. Contradicting the notion of the self-existing good, practical knowledge replaces the notion of self-existing truths. The Platonic notion of understanding these truths is through self-recognition of ignorance as an obstacle of intellectual illumination. In contrast, the practicality of experience acts as the foundation of virtue that is learned through the uniqueness of human experience. Experience is then essential in acquiring these virtues rather than acknowledge the presence of such through the affirmation of doubt. Plato’s theory as exemplified in the Allegory of the Cave calls for the self-affirmation of ‘I know nothing’ in order to determine the absolute or ideal knowledge that exists in the realm of the forms. Aristotle deviates from this rationalistic approach as he emphasizes on practicality in determining truths. Further, Aristotle explains: â€Å"since things that are found in the soul are of three kinds – passions, faculties, states of character, virtue must be one of these† (Aristotle 43) The soul as expressed in its dualistic rational and irrational parts, contain passions, faculties, and other states of character. The passions consist of the emotional either accompanied by pleasure or pain (e. g. joy, sorrow). The faculties of the soul is the capability of these emotions (e. g. being happy, joyful, etc. ), while the states of character is the middle ground in-between the emotional opposites (e. g. consumed or weakened by anger). Virtue is then a mediation of the passions which acts upon the faculties of the soul and leads to the essence on the states of character. One of the important notions in Aristotelian ethics is the notion of the Golden Mean. The golden mean separates human action (e. g. passions) into virtue and vice. The mean, in context with experience, provides the avenue of practicing virtue in the process of attaining happiness. Virtues are either at mean or in opposition (virtue and vice). Vices are further categorized either in its extreme or deficient sense while moral virtue functions as the regulating principle situates action in moderation. For example, the virtue of modesty is the mean between the vice of deficiency (shamelessness) and extreme (bashfulness). The virtue of courage is the middle ground between rashness and cowardice. The concept of the golden mean is dictated by the functions of rationality wherein behavior is formed through experience. It however cannot be quantified through a mathematical or logical proposition; meaning to eat 100 times in excess means it cannot be justified by starving oneself in 50. This ethical system is solely dependent on the conception of rationality on the part of the individual in relation to the uniqueness of experience. The value of virtue is the understanding of mediation in action rather than performing in excess or deficiency. To understand the middle ground of opposite actions leads to intellectual calmness or realization; that to be in excess and deficient leads either through temporary happiness (pleasure) or the lack of it (pain). In addition, the task of finding the middle ground in vices is a difficult task. According to Aristotle: Hence also it is no easy task to be good. For in everything it is no easy task to find the middle, e. g. to find the middle of a circle is not for everyone but for him who knows; so, too, any one can get angry – that is easy – or give or spend money; but to do this to the right person, to the right extent, at the right time with the right motive, and in the right way, that is not for everyone, nor it is easy. (Aristotle 49) To easily determine the middle ground of vices cannot be applied for the totality of every individual since the irrational soul still acts upon its instinctive nature. In relation to the Platonic challenged posed by the Theory of Forms, the attainment of the good is solely dependent on the individual to countermand the irrational passions in order to redirect the soul and purpose in attaining its final end. Plato’s challenge is focused on the breakaway from ignorance to understand the ‘ideal’ world in which the world of illusions is based from. Aristotle on the other hand, focuses on the importance of experience and practical knowledge; to know happiness means we have to experience happiness. Aristotle’s happiness is attained through the practice of virtue and the regulation of the golden mean. However, Aristotle argues: â€Å"So much, then, is plain that the intermediate state is in all things to be praised, but that we must incline sometimes towards the excess, sometimes towards the deficiency, for so shall we most easily hit the mean and what is right† (Aristotle 50). In order to understand the mean, Aristotle again notes the importance of experience. The individual must therefore experience the extreme opposites of the passions (vice) in order to determine the golden mean. For example, one cannot know the virtue of courage if one does not become a coward (deficient) or be rash (excess) in actions. It is only after experience teaches the individual the value of virtue and virtue in turn, leads to the attainment of eudaimonia in which happiness is eternal. Reference Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics (M. Ostwald, Trans. ) New York: Collier Macmillan. 1962

The Ideas Of The Classical School

The Ideas Of The Classical School In order to appropriately address the topic of discussion, its important to consider the criminological perspectives related to the debate and the principles associated with each perspective. Two schools which will be drawn upon are the Classical school, which was established towards the end of the 18th century and the Positivist school which developed towards the end of the 19th century. The Classical school was based on a utilitarian philosophy and demonstrated the idea that, for the sake of consistency, every offender must be treated equally. The Positivist school, however, opposed Classical principles, using the scientific method to study human behaviour, expressing individuality and stressing the need for the criminal to be treated with appropriate discretion. One contentious area within criminology is the idea that the criminal is normal. Jeremy Bentham, a Classical thinker, argues that this is indeed the case. Criminals are normal in that they are rational, calculated decision-makers just like everybody else. Individuals have free-will and they are guided by a hedonistic calculus the maximisation of pleasure and the minimisation of pain (Bentham cited by Walklate 2007:18). Such idea suggests that before engaging in criminal activity, the criminal calculates whether the reward outweighs the risk. i.e., is the potential pleasure worth the potential punishment? However, what this assumption fails to consider is that criminality can sometimes be a spontaneous reaction; its not always a pre-meditated one. People may act out of pure desperation; giving little thought to the consequences should he/she be caught. An ideal to support this would be the clichà ©d scenario in which an individual steals a loaf of bread to feed his/her starving fami ly. Such action involves no particular thought process; they do what they do simply because they wish to survive. However, thats not to say that rational choice is not apparent. It does have relevance to certain crimes, especially crimes such as burglary in which a planning process is undergone before hand to avoid detection and significantly increase the chances of a successful sweep, such as observations of home security and patterns in daily comings and goings. Arguably the main principle of the Classical approach can be said to be reflective of the idea that the criminal is normal this principle being that offenders should receive equal punishments, providing the offences are of the same or a similar nature. The principle revolves around the idea that everybody is equal and thus to treat everybody as equals disregards the conception that theres an abnormality in the behaviour of the criminal (Hopkins Burke 2009: 31). Their philosophy expresses that there is no place in the categorisation and labelling of individuals into specific groups based on conditions which they may or may not have; in order for there to be a truly just justice system, everybody must be treated the same. This principle has, unsurprisingly, come under a lot of criticism, a general criticism of which would argue that society is in fact unequal (in terms of the divisions in social class) and so for an offender to be punished in the same way as an affluent offender is s een to be ludicrous. Take the example mentioned previously: an individual who is forced to engage in the theft of a loaf of bread to feed their starving family should not be punished in the same way as a president of a large corporation, for example, who dips his hand into the wages of his employees to give himself a larger bonus. In one scenario the crime is very much committed out of necessity, whereas the other is a crime of greed and thus it would be unfair, morally, to treat the cases equally as they are clearly unequal in nature. On the flip side to the normality of the criminal debate, comes the idea that the criminal is sick. Where in the 18th and early 19th century, we have discussed that crime was believed to be a deliberately chosen behaviour of rational actors; the second half of the 19th century saw the emergence of individual positivism which sought to dispel the Classical approach to explanations of crime and the ways in which criminals should be punished (Sapsford 1981: 310). Such perspective doubted the ability of a criminal to choose to engage in crime and that criminality, they argued, is a form of mental illness which removes their capacity to act freely. Therefore, straight away the disparity between Individual Positivism and Classical criminology become visible. Cesare Lombroso (1876) was a key contributor to Positivist criminology. His research focused on idea that the criminal is born a criminal and they have very little choice in the matter. He studied the physical differences between the criminal and the non-criminal, whilst also taking into account the similarities and differences of the criminal and the mentally ill. Most notably, he drew the observation that criminals possess similar traits to an atavistic being which of course refers to an earlier stage in human development. Such observations included irregularity in skull size, ear size, irregularities in both height and weight and many other traits. However, he was also prepared to accept that not all criminals are born into the role and that some in fact do achieve it either through mental disorders or the environments in which they live (Lombroso 1876 cited by Sapsford 1981: 310-311). The views regarding the normality or the abnormality of the criminal have a substantial effect on the ways in which the Classicists and the Positivists believe punishment should be distributed. The history of the use of punishment is an interesting one. Michel Foucault (1979) in his book Discipline and Punish provides a great context into how the problem of crime was treated pre-enlightenment. The purpose of Foucaults research was to establish how it was that we got to the stage where incarceration became the main kind of punishment. It was 1757 Paris in which Foucault researched a man who was convicted of murder and sentenced to death by the court. By order of the court, the man was publicly taken through the streets of Paris in horse-drawn cart until he arrived at the point of execution. He was stripped to the waist, flesh was torn from him with pincers, sulphur was poured onto his hands and he was then quartered by four horses. Four hours passed before his torso was pierced onto a spike. The following day, the torso was burned and the execution process was complete (Foucault 1976: 3). What Foucault found was that the punishment was very much made into a public spectacle and these public displays were boisterous affairs people found great pleasure in seeing people condemned for their transgressions. 80 years later, a similar thing happened. A man was found guilty of murder, but instead of receiving the same brutal punishment; he was incarcerated, isolated from the outside world. High walls kept the criminal confined on the inside; the public were kept on the outside public emotions were taken out of punishment. Although Foucault was not associated with the Classical school, his observations were regarded highly by Classicist thinkers, particularly Cesare Beccaria. Beccaria was an enlightened thinker who sought great need in replacing irrational thinking with a rational one. He stated that pre-1750; punishments were barbaric and localised meaning that punishments varied from place to place (Beccaria 1764 cited by McLaughlin et al 2003: 11). Punishments were vengeful with public participation permitted through the throwing of projectiles and the hurling of abuse. Beccaria claimed that such a criminal justice system is weak and as a result, he set out to reform the way in which we punish offenders, in which Foucault insisted that his intentions were not to punish less, but to punish better (Foucault 1976: 82). For Beccaria, one of the main issues that needed to be addressed was the complex nature of the law and the written legislature. The law needed to be made clear and simple so that people can understand what is deemed acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. Law should not just be a doctrine which can only be understood by lawyers and other legal experts, but should be understood by the individual when the number of those who can understand the sacred code of laws and hold it in their hands increases, the frequency of crimes will be found to decrease (Beccaria 1963: 18). Classicist thinking requires that the punishment must be proportionate to the offence (Newburn 2007: 116). Proportionality has in itself caused confusion, with some taking it literally to be reflective of the notion: eye for an eye. However, what is truly meant by the term is that punishment should not be too excessive as it doesnt have any real impact on preventing crimes from occurring. In order for punishment to be justified, it must have a use and the use that punishment provides is its deterrence effect on the rest of society it must prevent others from committing the same crimes (Newburn 2007: 116). The most important aspect of punishment, for Classical criminology, is that the general public are discouraged from committing crimes because of the fear of suffering a similar fate to the offender who has been caught and publicly punished. Also, this punishment must be made certain. That is, that people must be made aware that crime will not be tolerated and punishment will follow. Again, this relates to the general deterrence of punishment. A significantly effective way of deterring the public is through the participation of the media in the reporting of crimes. Rarely, crimes are reported to have gone without punishment. Yet it must be said that the certainty of punishment doesnt necessarily reduce crime in all cases. There are of course instances where people are aware of the consequences of a crime but continue to carry out the crime nonetheless. Ideally, the more promptly the punishment follows the crime; the more just a justice system will be a concept which makes a whole lot of sense. The modern day criminal justice system is a rather weak one in terms of how quickly they are able to process trials through a court and decide on whether the accused is guilty or not guilty. Such lack of urgency is deemed a cruel torment of uncertainty as the criminal is forced to wait an indeterminate length of time to hear the verdict and the punishments that may follow should the verdict be one of guilt (Beccaria 1963: 19). The promptness of punishment would thus spare the criminal of this torment. However, not only does the promptness of punishment serve in the interests of the accused, it also serves in the interests of the criminal justice system. If a system is seen to be tough on crime in that they can swiftly and appropriately punish an offender, people will recognise that the chances of them evading detection are slim. Whilst the Classicist justification for punishment resembles that of a retributivist nature, the Positivist approach looks more to rehabilitate the offender and provide treatment for the sick criminal. Sentences must consider the psychological conditions behind why it is that somebody engages in crime. It would simply unfair to give somebody suffering from some degree of mental deficiency the same punishment as a person who is of sound mind. The criminal justice system needs therefore to encompass mitigating circumstances which can decrease the culpability of the accused as they are not controllably committing unlawful behaviours. Mitigating circumstances can be seen in the English Criminal Justice System, evident with the offence of manslaughter which is an offence of less culpability than murder. One partial defence for murder, written under s.2(1) of the Homicide Act 1957, is diminished responsibility which states that a person will not be found guilty of murder if they suffered f rom an abnormality of mind which substantially impaired their mental responsibility for the action (Padfield 2000: 153). Such mitigating circumstances are necessary because people are not the same and thus to punish them as equals would be inappropriate and completely unjust. Some people dont act out of their own free-will, they have little to no control over their behaviours and it would be wrong to give them the same punishments as those who are fully in control of their behaviour i.e. the rational, calculated offenders. In drawing a conclusion, its clear to see that theres been a progressive development in theories regarding the debate of the normality or the abnormality of the criminal. Classical thinking preceded Positivist thinking and their principles did not take into consideration that scientific explanations for the behaviour of the criminal could be influential to the formation of a just criminal justice system. The emergence of the scientific approach saw improvements into how we perceive the criminal. In most cases, the criminal is sick and its thus necessary to at least attempt to try and treat them rather than punish them. This saw a shift from a retributivist approach to a reductionist one which saw to rehabilitate the offender. But although the two perspectives are the contrast of one another, thats not to say that one of them, have had little impact on the criminal justice system that we see today. Todays system encompasses principles from both perspectives from the Classical school, it takes the idea that punishment must fit the crime that the serious offences must be met with a more severe punishment and subsequently, the lesser offences should receive a lesser sentence. We can see that with the sentencing tariffs in which each offence requires a minimum and a maximum sentence for the offence. From the Positivist school, the system adopts the idea that the punishment must also fit the criminal the culpability of the offender must be considered in order to ensure that the best possible sentence is imposed on the offender. The influence of Positivism has also encouraged a variety of punishments/treatments including community sentences which serves as both a retributitive punishment and a rehabilitative treatment. Beccaria, C. (1963) On Crimes and Punishments. 18-19. New York; Bobbs-Merrill. Foucault, M. (1976) Discipline and Punish. 3, 82. London; Penguin. Hopkins Burke, R. (2009) An Introduction to Criminological Theory. 31. Collumpton; Willan. McLaughlin, E., Muncie, J. and Hughes, G. (2003) Criminological Perspectives: Essential Readings. 11. London; Sage. Newburn, T. (2007) Criminology. 116. Collumpton; Willan. Padfield, N. (2000) Criminal Law. 153. London; Cromwell Press. Sapsford, R.J. (1981) Individual Deviance: The Search for the Criminal Personality in Fitzgerald, M., McLennan, G. and Pawson, G. (1981) Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory. 310-311. London; Routledge. Walklate, S. (2007) Understanding Criminology: Current Theoretical Debates. 18. Cardiff; Open University Press.

Processes :: essays research papers fc

While working in procurement at Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space in Sunnyvale, California, there were many processes in place that needed improvements. In this paper I plan to analyze how the organization I worked for improved its' processes. I will provide examples to support the processes and my own ideas for improving them. In my organization we purchased electronics for all the programs within Lockheed Martin that were based in Sunnyvale. Some of the processes that my organization was improving on were time management, [reducing time to place an order?] reducing the supplier base and reducing requirements. "The organization assigned the purchasing function usually has several functions and responsibilities. It must acquire items that conform to the requirements specified and obtain these items in time to support manufacturing schedules, and the items must be procured at a minimum cost." (Cappels[, page]) Our organization found that too much time was being spent getting the order to our department. The parts had to go through too many people before it finally reached our organization. The engineer began the process by filling out a form and sending it to a planner who would enter it into Sunnyvales' [Sunnyvale's] own computer based program called PROMIS. PROMIS would route the information to Quality Assurance (Q.A.) to have the proper requirements (called T-codes) added to the part. These requirements called out packaging specifications, supplier quality levels, and other provisions that may be required on a specific part. Once the T-codes had been applied, PROMIS directed the part to the correct purchasing organization. Once our organization received the order in PROMIS they would then direct through PROMIS to the correct employee who handled that specific commodity. Sometimes this process would take months [wow!]; sometimes it would take days. This often interfered with scheduling and meeting deadlines, which created line shutdowns. There was no really definite way to determine how long it would take a request to get to our organization to be purchased. One way our organization found to improve the routing process was to create "Quads" in which there would be one person from each department working together in one area attaining the same goal of procuring a part. This way if any problems occurred we had the correct person right next to us to resolve the issue. There were several times were [when? Where?] I needed to address some requirements that were placed on the order that I felt did not belong.